Q-1. About hyperplasia, which of the following statement is false? (NEET Based)
(a) Increased no of cells
(b) Increased size of the affected cell
© Endometrial response to estrogen is an example
(d) All
Answer: Increased size of the affected cell
Explanation:
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue usually resulting in increased volume of organ or tissue. Hyperplasia can be physiological or pathological.
Physiological hyperplasia:
Hormonal hyperplasia:
Proliferation of glandular epithelium of female breast at puberty and during pregnancy
Pregnant uterus
Compensatory hyperplasia:
Regeneration of liver after resection
After unilateral nephrectomy, when the remaining kidney undergoes compensatory hyperplasia
Pathological hyperplasia:
Endometrial hyperplasia
BPH
Viral wart and mucosal hyperplastic epithelium
Q-2. Example of hypertrophy is: (NEET Based)
a) Breast in puberty
b) Uterus during pregnancy
c) Ovary after menopause
d) Liver after resection
Answer: Uterus during pregnancy
Explanation:
Hypertrophy refers to an increase in size of cells, resulting in an increase in size of the organ.
Skeletal and cardiac hypertrophy due to workload
Important points:
Cells capable division may respond to stress by undergoing both hyperplasia and hypertrophy, whereas in non-dividing cells (myocardial and skeletal fibers) hypertrophy occurs.
Hormone induced massive growth in the uterus during pregnancy involves both hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
Q-3. Both hyperplasia and hypertrophy are seen in (AIIMS MAY 2009)
a) Breast enlargement during lactation
b) Uterus during pregnancy
c) Skeletal muscle enlargement during exercise
d) LVH during heart failure
Answer: Uterus during pregnancy
Explanation:
See above explanation.
Q-4. An old man Muthoot has difficulty in urination associated with increased urge and frequency. He has to get up several times in night to relieve himself. There is no history of any burning micturition and lower back pain. On rectal examination, he has enlarged prostate. Which of the following represents the most likely change in the bladder of this patient? (NEET Based)
a) Hyperplasia
b) Atrophy
c) Hypertrophy
d) Metaplasia
Answer: Hypertrophy
Explanation:
Change in bladder due to obstruction in urine out flow (BPH): Smooth muscle hypertrophy
Q-5. An increase in the size of a cell in response to stress is called hypertrophy. Which of the following does not represent the example of smooth muscle hypertrophy as an adaptive response to the relevant situation? (NEET Based)
a) Urinary bladder in urine outflow obstruction
b) Small intestine in intestinal obstruction
c) Triceps in body-builders
d) None of the above
Answer: Triceps in body-builders
Explanation:
See above explanation.
Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is not smooth muscle hypertrophy.
Q-6. Transformation of one epithelium to other epithelium is known as: (NEET Based)
a) Dysplasia
b) Hyperplasia
c) Neoplasia
d) Metaplasia
Answer: Metaplasia
Explanation:
Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type.
Adaptive substitution of cells
The most common epithelial metaplasia is columnar to squamous as in respiratory tract in response to chronic irritation.
Important point:
Squamous metaplasia in respiratory epithelium in Vitamin A deficiency
Metaplasia from squamous to columnar type in Barrett esophagus (Cancer may be arise in these area and these are typically adeno-carcinoma)
Connective tissue metaplasia: Myositis ossificans
Q-7. All are true about metaplasia except: (NEET Based)
(a) Slow growth
(b) Reverse back to normal with appropriate treatment © Irreversible
(d) If persistent may induce cancer transformation
Answer: Irreversible
Explanation:
See above explanation.
Q-8. First cellular change in hypoxia: (NEET Based)
a) Decreased oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria
b) Cellular swelling
c) Alteration in cellular membrane permeability
d) Clumping of nuclear chromatin
Answer: Decreased oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria
Explanation:
Q-9. Cells most sensitive to hypoxia are: (NEET Based)
a) Myocardial cells
b) Neurons
c) Hepatocytes
d) Renal tubular epithelial cells
Answer: Neurons
Explanation:
Q-10. Intracellular calcification begins in which of the following organelles? (NEET Based)
a) Mitochondria
b) Golgi body
c) Lysosome
d) Endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: Mitochondria
Explanation:
Q-11. Irreversible injury in cell is: (NEET Based)
a) Deposition of Ca++ in mitochondria
b) Swelling
c) Mitotic figure
d) Ribosomal detachment
Answer: Deposition of Ca++ in mitochondria
Explanation:
Q-12. Irreversible cell injury is characterized by which of the following? (NEET Based)
a) Mitochondrial densities
b) Cellular swelling
c) Blebs
d) Myelin figures
Answer: Mitochondrial densities
Explanation:
Q-13. Oncocytes are modified form of which of the following? (NEET Based)
a) Lysosomes
b) ER
c) Mitochondria
d) None of above
Answer: Mitochondria
Explanation:
Q-14. In cell death, myelin figures are derived from (NEET Based)
(a) Nucleus
b) Cell membrane
© Cytoplasm
(d) Mitochondria
Answer: Cell membrane
Explanation:
Q-15. Coagulative necrosis is seen in (NEET Based)
a) Brain
b) Breast
c) Liver
d) All
Answer: Liver
Explanation:
Q-16. Coagulative necrosis as a primary event in most often seen in all except: (NEET Based)
a) Kidneys
b) CNS
c) Spleen
d) Liver
Answer: CNS
Explanation:
Q-17. Liquefactive necrosis is seen in: (NEET Based)
a) Heart
b) Brain
c) Lung
d) Spleen
Answer: Brain
Explanation:
Q-18. Pyogenic infection and brain infarction are associated with: (NEET Based)
a) Coagulative necrosis
b) Liquefactive necrosis
c) Caseous necrosis
d) Fat necrosis
Answer: Liquefactive necrosis
Explanation:
Q-19. Fournier’s gangrene is seen in (NEET Based)
a) Scrotal skin
b) Nose
c) Oral cavity
d) All are true
Answer: Scrotal skin
Explanation:
Q-20. Which of the following is the hallmark of programmed cell death? (NEET Based)
a) Apoptosis
b) Coagulation necrosis
c) Fibrinoid necrosis
d) Liquefaction necrosis
Answer: Apoptosis
Explanation:
Q-21. Apoptosis is alternatively called: (NEET Based)
a) Ischemic cell death
b) Programmed cell death
c) Post traumatic cell death
d) All
Answer: Programmed cell death
Explanation:
Q-22. Organelle that plays a pivotal role in apoptosis: (NEET Based)
a) Endoplasmic reticulum
b) Golgi complex
c) Mitochondria
d) Nucleus
Answer: Mitochondria
Explanation:
Q-23. Apoptosis is associated with all of the following features except: (NEET Based)
a) Cell shrinkage
b) Intact cellular contents
c) Inflammation
d) Nucleosome size fragmentation of nucleus
Answer: Inflammation
Explanation:
Q-24. All of the following are morphological features of apoptosis except: (NEET Based)
a) Cell shrinkage
b) Chromatin condensation
c) Inflammation
d) Apoptotic bodies
Answer: Inflammation
Explanation:
Q-25. Apoptosis is: (NEET Based)
a) Cell degeneration
b) Type of cell injury
c) Cell regeneration
d) Cell activation
Answer: Type of cell injury
Explanation:
Q-26. Inhibitor of apoptosis is: (NEET Based)
a) p-53
b) Ras
c) Myc
d) Bcl-2
Answer: Bcl-2
Explanation:
Q-27. In apoptosis initiation is (NEET Based)
a) The death receptors induce apoptosis when they get engaged by fas ligand system
b) Cytochrome C inhibits Apoptosis Activating (APAF-1) Factor-1
c) Apoptosis may be initiated by caspase activation
d) Apoptosis mediated through DNA damage
Answer: The death receptors induce apoptosis when they get engaged by fas ligand system
Explanation:
Q-28. About apoptosis, true statement is: (NEET Based)
a) Injury due to hypoxia
b) Inflammatory reaction is present
c) Councilman bodies are associated with apoptosis
d) Cell membrane is damaged
Answer: Councilman Bodies are associated with apoptosis
Explanation:
Q-29. In apoptosis, cytochrome C acts through: (NEET Based)
a) Apaf 1
b) Bcl-2
c) FADD
d) TNF
Answer: Apaf 1
Explanation:
Q-30. Which of the following induces apoptosis in a cell? (AIIMS Nov 2013)
a) Oleic acid
b) Isoprenoid
c) Myristic acid
(d) Glucocorticoid
Answer: Glucocorticoid
Explanation:
Q-31. Which of the following is not seen is apoptosis? (AIIMS Nov 2013)
a) Chromatin condensation
b) DNA fragmentation
c) Inflammation
d) Cell membrane shrinkage
Answer: Inflammation
Explanation:
Q-32. Following gene when mutated protect tumor cells from Apoptosis: (NEET Based)
a) BCL-2
b) BRCA
c) RB
d) TGF-beta
Answer: BCL-2
Explanation: