During prolonged starvation, the rate of gluconeogenesis depends on
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- Increased alanine levels in liver
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- Decreased cGMP in liver
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- ADP in liver
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- Decreased essential fatty acids in liver
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ANS
Increased alanine levels in liver
- In the fasting state, there is a considerable output of alanine from skeletal muscle, far in excess of its concentration in the muscle proteins that are being catabolized.
- It is formed by transamination of pyruvate produced by glycolysis of muscle glycogen, and is exported to the liver, where, after transamination back to pyruvate, it is a substrate for gluconeogenesis.
- This is glucose-alanine cycle. Which has two major functions :-
- Transport of α -amino groups of ammino acids (ammonium ion/ammonia) from muscle to liver
- Transport of alanine as a substrate for gluconeogenesis