The most commonly used special tests are:

Meniscus

Meniscus Injury/Tear:

:speaking_head:Mechanism:

:wheelchair:The most common mechanism of menisci injury is a twisting injury with the foot anchor on the ground, often by another player’s body.

:wheelchair:A slow twisting force may also cause the tear.

:wheelchair:Damage to the meniscus is due to rotational forces directed to a flexed knee (as may occur with twisting sports) is the usual underlying mechanism of injury .

:eight_pointed_black_star:Types Of Meniscal Tear:

The meniscal tear is of following types:

:one:Longitudinal
:two:Radial
:three:Bucket handle
:four:Flap
:five:Horizontal cleavage
:six:Degenerative

:one:Longitudinal/vertical tear:

:eight_pointed_black_star:This type of tear can be anywhere along the meniscus. If this tear extends it may result in a bucket-handle tear. The ‘handle’ or ‘bucket-handle’ tears run across nearly the entire length of the meniscus. This often causes the formation of a flap that can get caught between the intercondylar space.

:two:Horizontal tear or horizontal slit:

:eight_pointed_black_star:Often forms part of more complex cracks, which consist of more of the above. This tears begin at the inner edge of the meniscus and continue against the capsule.

:three:Flap tear :

:eight_pointed_black_star:There are two types of flap tears, a horizontal and a vertical. The horizontal flap tear is the same as the horizontal tear but with complications. When you have a horizontal flap tear the inferior and superior surface of the meniscus can be uninjured, which is not the case with a vertical flap tear.

:four:Complex tear:

:eight_pointed_black_star:These are patterns that describe tears in different planes and are seen in the degenerative meniscus.

:place_of_worship:Clinical Presentation:

:atom_symbol:Medial Meniscus:

The diagnosis of an medial meniscus injury is considered to be fairly certain if three or more of the following findings are present

:one:Tenderness at one point over the medial joint line
:two:Pain in the area of the medial joint line during hyperextension of the knee joint
:three:Pain in the area of the medial joint line during hyperflexion of the knee joint
:four:Pain during external rotation of the foot and the lower leg when the knee is flexed at different angles around 70–90°
:four:Weakened or hypotrophied quadriceps muscle.

:atom_symbol:Lateral meniscus:

The diagnosis of a lateral meniscus injury is considered to be fairly certain if three or more of the following findings are present:

:one:tenderness at one point over the lateral joint line.
:two:pain in the area of the lateral joint line during hyperextension of the knee joint.
:three:pain in the area of the lateral joint line during hyperflexion of the knee joint.
:four:pain during internal rotation of the foot and the lower leg when the knee is flexed at different angles;
:five:weakened or hypotrophied quadriceps muscle.

:man_health_worker:Diagnosis:

:weight_lifting_man:Special test
:weight_lifting_man:X-ray
:weight_lifting_man:MRI

:snowboarder: Special test are:

The most commonly used special tests are:

:atom_symbol:McMurry test
:atom_symbol:Apley’s test
:atom_symbol:Steinman’s test
:atom_symbol:Ege’s test
:atom_symbol:Thessaly test