in cases of teaticular torsion, when do we perform a doppler and in which scenarios do we do a direct surgical exploration?
It’s a clinical diagnosis and you can operate based on that. If Doppler is available you do it but not mandatory
Testicular torsion is a clinical diagnosis so if there’s high clinical suspicion then don’t waste time in doing Doppler and Directly go for surgical exploration
Only if clinical suspicion is low or there’s some doubt and time permits: then do Doppler F/b surgical exploration