Second Year MBBS consists of one and a half year comprising of three semesters which includes the Subjects – Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology and Forensic medicine. There are many MBBS Books you can read in Second year, but the best ones are always textbooks. About the MBBS Syllabus for Second year, it is given as such to help you understand more deeply. Don’t forget to check our Downloads Section for latest books in PDF Format.
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What After MBBS?
Pathology in Second Year MBBS deals with causes and mechanisms of diseases.
Syllabus
The Syllabus for Pathology for Second Year MBBS has been listed below:
A. General Pathology
B. Hematology
C. Systemic Pathology
D. Clinical Pathology
These are detailed as follows:
A) GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Microscopy and tissue processing
Identify the common types of cells by light microscopy
Intracellular accumulation
Acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation and Repair
Thrombosis, embolism, infarction and gangrene
Edema and congestion
Disturbances of pigment metabolism
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Amyloidosis
Disturbances of growth (Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, hypoplasia)
B) HEMATOLOGY
Collection of specimen, anticoagulants and common hematological tests (Hb)
Common Haematological Counts (TLC, DLC) & Interpretation of ESR
Haemopoiesis
Investigations in Anemia
Investigations in Leukemia
Investigations in hemorrhagic disorders
Blood Banking
C) SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY
Diseases of blood vessels (Atherosclerosis, syphilitic aortitis)
Diseases of Heart (IHD & RHD)
Pneumonia
Tumors of lung
Diseases of kidney
Gross and Microscopic features of peptic ulcer and duodenal ulcer
Gross and Microscopic features of other intestinal ulcers
Tumors of GIT
Diseases of Liver
Lymphomas
Diseases of male and female genital system
Tumors of breast
Tumors of skin (Pigmented)
Tumors of skin (non-pigmented)
Soft tissue tumors
Tumors of bone
Diseases of thyroid
D) CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
Urine RE – Carryout a bedside routine urine examination and interpret the results.
Pregnancy test and Semen Analysis – (Practical demonstration).
Common cytological preparations (lecture demonstration).
CSF examination.
Serous effusion examination.
Best Books
Following MBBS Books are recommended for Pathology in Second year MBBS:
Text book of Pathology by Robbins
Text book of General Pathology Part I & II by Bhende and Deodhare
Clinical Pathology by Talib
Text book of Pathology by Harsh Mohan
Text book of Pathology by Muir
Hematology De Gruchi
IAPM text book of Pathology
Reference books
Anderson’s text book of Pathology Vol I & II
Oxford text book of Pathology Vol. I, II & III
Pathology by Rubin and Farber
Pathologic basis of Disease Robbins
Pharmacology
Pharmacology in Second Year MBBS deals with Rational and scientific basis of therapeutics.
Syllabus
The Syllabus for Pharmacology for Second Year MBBS has been listed below:
A) INTRODUCTION
Pharmacology – a foundation to clinical practice
Development of the branch of pharmacology; Scope of the subject; role of drugs as one of the modalities to treat diseases, definition of drug; nature and sources of drugs; subdivisions of pharmacology rational pharmacotherapy
B) GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
Pharmacokinetics
Application to pharmacotherapeutics
Adverse Drug Reactions
C) AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY
D) CARDIOVASCULAR SYSEM INCLUDING DRUGS AFFECTING
COAGULATION AND THOSE ACTING ON KIDNEYS
General Considerations and Overview of anti-hypertensive therapy
Diuretics
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Sympatholytic & vasodilators
Management of hypertension
Antianginal: Nitrates & others
Calcium channel blockers
Pharmacotherapy of chest pain
Anticoagulants & Coagulants
Thrombolytic & Antiplatelet Agents
Drugs for CCF: Digitalis glycosides, other agents
Management of CCF
Antiarrhythmic Agents
Agents used for the management of shock
Hypolipidaemic drugs
Role of Nitric oxide and endothelin to be covered in CVS
E) HAEMATINICS AND HAEMATOPOIETIC FACTORS
Agents used in therapy of iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia; Erythropoietin
Management of anemia
F) NEUROPSYCHIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY INCLUDING INFLAMMATON,
PAIN & SUBSTANCE ABUSE
General Considerations
Sedative-Hypnotics
Psychopharmacology: Antianxiety; Antipsychotics; Antidepressants
Anti-epileptics
Therapy of neurodegenerative disorders:
Anti-Parkinsonian agents; cerebral vasodilators/nootropics
Local anesthetics
Analgesics: Opioids; NSAIDs
Pharmacotherapy of pain including migraine
Pharmacotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis and gout
Substance abuse: Management of opioid, alcohol and tobacco Addictions
G) MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS – I
Autocoids (to be covered before pain lectures)
Antiallergics: Antihistaminic
Drugs used for bronchial asthma
Pharmacotherapy of cough
Drugs acting on immune system: Immunostimulants, immunosuppressants; pharmacology of vaccines & sera
Drugs acting on the uterus
H) CHEMOTHERAPY INCLUDING CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY
General considerations
Antimicrobial agents:
• Sulphonamides & Cotrimoxazole
• Quinoline derivatives
• Penicillins, Cephalosporins & Other? Lactams
• Aminoglycosides
• Macrolides
• Tetracyclines & Chloramphenicol
Pharmacotherapy of UTI
General principles of Antimicrobial use
Antimycobacterial therapy: Anti-Kochs agents; Anti-leprotic agents
Pharmacotherapy of tuberculosis
Antiprotozoal agents: Antiamoebic, Antimalarials and Anti Kala azar, Pharmacotherapy of malaria
Antihelminthics (against intestinal Nematodes and Cestodes; extra intestinal Nematodes and Trematodes)
Antifungal agents
Antiviral agents including antiretroviral agents
Pharmacotherapy of STDs
Principles of cancer chemotherapy and their adverse drug reactions (individual agents and regimes need not be taught)
I) ENDOCRINOLOGY
Introduction to endocrinology (including Hypothalamic and Anterior Pituitary hormones)
Steroids
Glucocorticoids: Use and Misuse
Oestrogens & antagonists
Progestins & antagonists
Oral contraceptives & pro-fertility agents
Testosterone & anabolic steroids
Fertility control
Thyroxine and anti-thyroid agents
Agents affecting calcification
Antidiabetic agents: Insulin; Oral antidiabetic drugs
Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes Mellitus
J) AGENTS USED IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Pharmacotherapy of nausea & vomiting
Pharmacotherapy of peptic ulcer
Management of dyspepsia
Management of diarrhoea and constipation
K) PERI-OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT: to be covered as a case study
Pre-anesthetic medication
Preparation of surgical site: antiseptics etc.
Local Anesthetics
Skeletal muscle relaxants
Drugs used in post-operative period: analgesics, anti-emetics etc.
L) MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS – II
Drug-Drug Interactions
Drug use at extremes of age, in pregnancy & in organ dysfunction
Use of chelating agents in heavy metal poisonings; Environmental &
Occupational toxicants and principles of management (particularly cyanide and CO)
Ocular pharmacology
Dermatopharmacology
General Anesthetics
Pharmacotherapy of glaucoma and conjunctivitis
M) RATIONAL PHARMACOTHERAPY
Prescription writing and P-drug concept
Rational Drug Use; Essential Drug List (EDL)
Criticism with reference to Fixed Drug Combinations (FDCs)
Use and misuse of commonly used preparations: vitamins, antioxidants, enzymes etc.
Best Books
Following MBBS Books are recommended for Pharmacology in Second year MBBS:
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. Katzung BG (Ed), Publisher: Prentice Hall International Ltd., London
Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics. Satoskar RS, Bhandarkar SD (Ed), Publisher: Popular Prakashan, Bombay
Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. Tripathi KD (Ed), Jaypee Brothers, publisher:Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
Clinical Pharmacology. Laurence DR, Bennet PN, Brown MJ (Ed). Publisher: Churchill Livingstone
Reference books
Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Hardman JG & Limbird LE (Ed), Publisher: McGraw-Hill, New York.
A Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology. Roger HJ, Spector RG, Trounce JR (Ed), Publisher: Hodder and Stoughton Publishers.
Microbiology
Microbiology in Second Year MBBS deals with Etiology, pathogenesis, pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention of infections and infectious diseases.
Syllabus
The Syllabus for Microbiology for Second Year MBBS has been listed below:
A) GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
Introduction and Historical background
Morphology of bacteria and Classification
Physiology of bacteria including growth requirements & metabolism
Sterilization
Disinfectants
Waste disposal
Bacterial genetics and drug resistance to antimicrobial agents.
Host parasite relationship and bacterial infections
Normal flora
Methods of identification of bacteria. Diagnosis of infectious diseases (direct and indirect)
B) IMMUNOLOGY
Introduction
Antigens, HLA
Antibodies
Serological reactions
Immune response
Complement
Hypersensitivity
Autoimmunity
Transplantation & tumor immunology
Immuno-Deficiency
C) SYSTEMIC BACTERIOLOGY
Pathogenesis includes:
Infectious agent
Habitat
Source / reservoir
Mode
Infective dose
Multiplication, spread
Clinical features, pathology
Complications
Virulence factors
Immunological response
Laboratory diagnosis:
Specimen selection
Collection
Transport
Primary smear, hanging drop
Selection of media
Pathogenicity testing
Anti microbial drug susceptibility testing
Serological interpretation
D) MYCOLOGY
Introduction to Mycology
Agents of Superficial mycosis
Subcutaneous mycosis
Systemic mycosis & Opportunistic fungal infections
E) VIROLOGY
Morphology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control for all viruses.
General Virology
Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
Viral immunity
Pox viruses
DNA viruses
Respiratory viruses
Picornaviruses
Hepatitis viruses
Arboviruses
Rhabdoviruses
Slow and Oncogenic viruses
Retroviruses
F) PARASITOLOGY
Geographical distribution
Habitat
Morphology (different stages) found in human beings
Life cycle
Pathogenesis
Laboratory diagnosis
Treatment
Control
Immunoprophylaxis of E. histolytica, Free living amoebae and flagellates, Hemoflagellates, Malaria, Toxoplasma, Taenia saginata & solium, Echinococcusgranulosus, Schistosomiasis, A.duodenale, A. lumbricoides, E. vermicularis, T. tritura, W. bancrofti, D. medinensis, T. spiralis
Best Books
Following MBBS Books are recommended for Microbiology in Second year MBBS:
Textbook of Microbiology – R. Ananthanarayan
A Textbook of Microbiology – P. Chakraborty
Textbook of Medical Microbiology – Rajesh Bhatia & Itchpujani
Textbook of Medical Microbiology – Arora and Arora
Textbook of Medical Parasitology – C. K. Jayaram Panikar
Textbook of Medical Parasitology – Arora and Arora
Textbook of Medical Parasitology – S.C.Parija
Microbiology in clinical practice – D. C. Shanson
Reference books:
Mackie McCartney practical Medical Microbiology- Colle JG, Fraser AG
Principles of Bacteriology, Virology & Immunology vol. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5- Topley Wilsons
Medical Mycology (Emmons) – Kwon – Chung
Review of Medical Microbiology (Lange) – Jawetz
Immunology- Weir DM
Medical Microbiology- David Greenwood, Richard Stack, John Pentherer
Parasitology- KD Chatterjee
Medical virology- Timbury MC
Mackie McCartney Medical, Microbiology vol.1- Duguid JP
Microbial infections- Marmion BP, Swain RHA
Forensic Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology
FMT in Second Year MBBS deals with the medico-legal sciences.
Syllabus
The Syllabus for Forensic Medicine for Second Year MBBS has been listed below:
A) DEFINITION, SCOPE RELEVANT TO SUBJECT
History of Forensic Medicine
Need, Scope, Importance and probative value of Medical evidence in Crime Investigation
B) PERSONAL IDENTITY NEED AND ITS IMPORTANCE
Data useful for Identification of Living and Dead
Age estimation and its medico-legal Importance
Sex determination and its medico-legal importance
Other methods of establishing identity: Corpus Delicti, Dactylography, Tattoo marks, Deformities, Scars and other relevant factors
Identification of decomposed, mutilated bodies and skeletal remains
Medico legal aspect of *DNA fingerprinting – a brief introduction
Medico – legal aspect of blood and blood stains Collection, Preservation and Dispatch of Specimen for Blood and other ancillary material for identification and Medico-legal examination
C) MECHANICAL INJURIES AND BURNS
Definition and classification of injuries: Abrasions, Contusions, Lacerations, Incised and Stab injury, Firearm and Explosion injury, Fabricated and Defense injury
Medico-legal aspect of injury/hurt, simple and grievous hurts, murder, Ante -mortem, Postmortem Wounds, Age of the injury, cause of death and relevant sections of I.P.C., Cr.P.C.
Causative Weapon and appearance of Suicidal, Accidental and Homicidal injuries
Physical methods of Torture and their identification
Reporting on Medico-legal cases of Hurts
Regional injuries: Head injury, cut throat injuries and Road traffic accident injuries
Thermal injuries: Injuries due to heat and cold, Frostbite, Burns, Scalds and Bride burning
Injuries due to Electricity, Lightening Collection, Preservation and Dispatch of Specimen for Blood and other ancillary material for Medico-legal examination
D) MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS OF SEX, MARRIAGE AND INFANT DEATH
Sexual Offenses and perversions: Natural (Rape, Adultery, and Incest), Unnatural (Sodomy, Bestiality and Buccal coitus) Lesbianism, perversions and relevant sections of I.P.C. and Cr.P.C.
Fertility, Impotence, Sterility, Virginity, and Nullity of marriage and divorce on Medical ground
Pregnancy, Delivery, Paternity, Legitimacy, Artificial Insemination,Fertilisation in Vitro, Sterilization (Family Planning Measures)
Abortions, Medical Termination of pregnancy, criminal abortions, Battered Baby Syndrome, Cot deaths and relevant sections of I.P.C. and Cr.P.C., M.T.P. Act of 1971 and fetal sex determination act
Infant death (Infanticide)
Definition Causes, Manners and Autopsy features:
ii. Determination of age of Fetus and Infant
iii. Signs of live-born, stillborn and dead born child
Collection, Preservation and Dispatch of Specimen: Hair, seminal fluid/stains and other ancillary material for medico-legal examination, examination of seminal stains and vaginal swabs
E) MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS OF DEATH
Definition and concept of death, stages, modes, Signs of death and its importance
Changes after death, Cooling, Hypostasis, Changes in eye, Muscle changes, Putrefaction, Saponification, Mummification, Estimation of time since death
Death Certification, Proximate causes of death, causes of sudden deaths, Natural deaths. Presumption of death and survivor-ship, disposal and preservation of dead
Introduction to *The Anatomy Act, *The Human organ transplantation Act. 1994
Medico-legal aspects and findings of post-mortem examination in cases of death due to common unnatural conditions
Sudden unexpected death, deaths from starvation, cold and heat and their medico-legal importance
Medico-legal aspects of death from Asphyxia, Hanging, Strangulation, Suffocation and Drowning
F) MEDICO-LEGAL AUTOPSY
Autopsy: Objectives, Facilities, Rules and Basic techniques, Proforma for reporting medico-legal autopsy
Exhumation, examination of mutilated remains, Obscure autopsy and post-mortem artifacts
Collection, preservation and dispatch of material for various investigations to Forensic Science Laboratory
G) FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY
Definition, General terminology and Basic concept of normality and abnormality of human behavior, Civil and Criminal responsibility
Examination, Certification, restraint and admission to Mental Hospital
Mental Health Act – Principles and Objectives
Part – 2 Toxicology
A) POISONS AND THEIR MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS
Definition of poison, General consideration and Laws in relation to poisonsNarcotic drugs and psychotropic substances Act, Schedules H and L drugs, *Pharmacy Act, Duties and responsibilities of attending physician
Common poisons and their classification, Identification of common poisons, Routes of administration, Actions of poisons and factors modifying them, Diagnosis of poisoning (Clinical and Confirmatory) , Treatment/ Management of cases of acute and chronic poisonings
Addiction and Habit forming drugs, drug dependence
Occupational and environmental poisoning, prevention and Epidemiology of common poisoning and their legal aspects particularly pertaining to Workmen’s Compensation Act
Medico-Legal aspects and findings of postmortem examination in cases of death due to poisonings
B) POISONS TO BE STUDIED
Corrosive: Euphoric Acid, Nitric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, Carbolic Acid and Oxalic Acid, Sodium and Potassium and Ammonium Hydro-Oxide
Non-metallic, Metallic Poisons and Industrial hazards: Phosphorus and compounds of Lead, Arsenic, and Mercury, Copper, and Glass powder
Plant Poisons: Castor, Croton, Capsicum, Semicarpus Anacardium (Bhilawa), Calatropis Gigantea, Abrus Precatorius (Ratti), Dhatura,
Cannabis Indica, Cocaine, Opium, Aconite, Yellow Oleander, Strychnine
Animal and Bacterial Poisons: Snakes, Scorpion and Food poisoning
Alcohol (Drunkenness) Ethyl Alcohol, Methyl Alcohol, Kerosene, Barbiturates
Asphyxiant & Gaseous Poisons: Carbon Monoxide, War gases, Hydrocyanic acid, and Cyanides
Insecticides, pesticides and Miscellaneous poisons: Organo- Phosphorus Compounds, Organo-Chloro Compounds, Carbamates (Carbaryl) and Rodenticides (Phosphides) Collection, Preservation and forwarding of evidence, remains of poison, body discharges and viscera etc. to Forensic Science Laboratory in cases of poisoning
C) FORENSIC SCIENCE LABORATORY: (BRIEF)
Aims, objects, general knowledge about Forensic Science Laboratory
General principles of analytical toxicology
Part – 3 Medical Jurisprudence
A) LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF PRACTICE OF MEDICINE
The Indian Medical Council, the Act, Formation and Functions; State Medical Council: Formation, Functions, and Registration
Rights and obligations of Registered Medical Practitioners and patient, Duties of physicians and patients, Euthanasia
Infamous conduct, Professional secrecy and privileged communications
Codes of Medical Ethics, medical etiquette, Medical Negligence and contributory negligence, Precautionary measures and defences for Medical Practitioners against legal actions, Medical/Doctors indemnity insurance, Consumer Protection Act relevant to medical practice
Medical Ethics and prohibition of Torture & care of Torture Victims
B) DEFINITION OF HEALTH AND ITEMS TO CERTIFY ABOUT HEALTH
Common medico-legal problems in Hospital practice, Consent in Medical Examination and treatment, under treatment/ Sickness and
Fitness certificate, maintenance of medical records
Social, Medical, Legal and Ethical problems in relation to AIDS
C) ACTS AND SCHEMES RELATED TO MEDICAL PROFESSION IN BRIEF:
Workmen compensation Act, * Mental Health Act, Medical Practitioner Act, Protection of human rights Act, 1993, * National Human Rights Commission, * Human Organ Transplantation Act and other relevant sections of I.P.C., Cr.P.C. and I.E. Act. Maharashtra civil medical code, Hospital administration manual
Part – 4 Legal procedures in medico-legal cases: (N=8)
Medico-Legal Investigations of death in suspicious circumstances, different Inquest, type of offenses
Types of Criminal courts and their powers, punishments prescribed by law, kinds of witnesses, Evidence, Documentary Medical evidence, Dying declaration and Dying deposition
The Trial of criminal cases, Rules and Conventions to be followed by Medical Witness at Medical evidence, subpoena, conduct money
Relevant Sections from the Indian Evidence Act, Indian Penal code and Criminal Procedure code
Best Books
Following MBBS Books are recommended for Forensic Medicine in Second year MBBS:
Modi’s Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology Ed. 22, 1999, by B.V. Subramanyam, Butterworth
The Essentials of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology by K.S. Narayan Reddy
Parikh’s Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology.
Text Book of Forensic Medicine – J.B. Mukherjii VOL 1 & 2
Principles of Forensic Medicine – A. Nandy
Toxicology at a Glance by Dr S.K. Singhal
Bernard Knight ET. All: Cox’s Medical Jurisprudence & Toxicology
Reference books:
Russell S. Fisher & Charles S.Petty: Forensic Pathology
Keith Simpson: Forensic Medicine
Jurgen Ludwig: Current Methods of autopsy practice.
Gradwohl – Legal Medicine
A Doctors Guide to Court – Simpson
Polson C.J.: The essentials of Forensic Medicine
Adelson, L.: The Pathology of Homicide.
Atlas of Legal Medicine (Tomro Watonbe)
Sptiz, W.U. & Fisher, R.S.: Medico-legal Investigation of Death.
A Hand Book of Legal Pathology (Director of Publicity)
Taylor’s Principles & Practice of Medical Jurisprudence. Edited by A.Keith Mant, Churchill Livingstone.
Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, the Indian Penal Code; Justice Hidayatullah & V.R. Manohar
Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, the Code of Criminal procedure; Justice Hidayatullah & S.P. Sathe
Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, the Law of Evidence; Justice Hidayatullah & V.R. Manohar
Medical Law & Ethic in India – H.S. Mehta
Bernard Knight: Forensic Pathology
Code of medical ethics : Medical Council of India, approved by Central Government, U/S 33 (m) of IMC Act, 1956 (Oct 1970)
Krogman, W.M.: The human skeleton in legal medicine.
FE Camps, JM Cameren, David Lanham: Practical Forensic Medicine
V.V. Pillay: Modern Medical Toxicology