Abnormalities of the urine
● Blood, protein, pH, volumes
● Including haematuria and proteinuria
● Renal calculi
● Renal tract obstruction
● Retroperitoneal fibrosis
● Glomerulonephritis
● Nephrotic syndrome
● Renal vein thrombosis
● Renal problems
● Investigations
● Urinary tract imaging
● Renal biopsy
● Diseases
● Acute renal failure
● Chronic renal failure, renal replacement therapy, renal
transplantation
● Interstitial nephritis
● Nephrotoxins
● Renal vascular disease
● Renal tubular disease
● Inherited kidney diseases
● Renal manifestations of systemic disease
● Urinary excretion
● Oliguria and polyuria including renal failure
● Urate