Infant jaundice is a yellow discoloration in a newborn baby’s skin and eyes. Infant jaundice occurs because the baby’s blood contains an excess of bilirubin (bil-ih-ROO-bin), a yellow-colored pigment of red blood cells.
Infant jaundice is a common condition, particularly in babies born before 38 weeks gestation (preterm babies) and some breast-fed babies. Infant jaundice usually occurs because a baby’s liver isn’t mature enough to get rid of bilirubin in the bloodstream. In some cases, an underlying disease may cause jaundice.
Treatment of infant jaundice often isn’t necessary, and most cases that need treatment respond well to noninvasive therapy. Although complications are rare, a high bilirubin level associated with severe infant jaundice or inadequately treated jaundice may cause brain damage.
SYMPTOMS
Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes is a sign of infant jaundice that usually appears between the second and fourth day after birth.
To check for infant jaundice, press gently on your baby’s forehead or nose. If the skin looks yellow where you pressed, it’s likely your baby has mild jaundice. If your baby doesn’t have jaundice, the skin color should simply look slightly lighter than its normal color for a moment.
Examine your baby in good lighting conditions, preferably in natural daylight.
When to see a doctor
Most hospitals have a policy of examining babies for jaundice before discharge. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that newborns be examined for jaundice during routine medical checks and at least every eight to 12 hours while in the hospital.
Your baby should be examined for jaundice between the third and seventh day after birth, when bilirubin levels usually peak. If your baby is discharged earlier than 72 hours following birth, make a follow-up appointment to look for jaundice within two days of discharge.
The following signs or symptoms may indicate severe jaundice or complications from excess bilirubin. Call your doctor if:
Your baby’s skin becomes more yellow
Your baby’s skin looks yellow on the abdomen, arms or legs
The whites of your baby’s eyes look yellow
Your baby seems listless or sick or is difficult to awaken
Your baby isn’t gaining weight or is feeding poorly
Your baby makes high-pitched cries
Your baby develops any other signs or symptoms that concern you
Jaundice lasts more than three weeks
CAUSES
Excess bilirubin (hyperbilirubinemia) is the main cause of jaundice. Bilirubin, which is responsible for the yellow color of jaundice, is a normal part of the pigment released from the breakdown of “used” red blood cells.
Normally, the liver filters bilirubin from the bloodstream and releases it into the intestinal tract. A newborn’s immature liver often can’t remove bilirubin quickly enough, causing an excess of bilirubin. Jaundice due to these normal newborn conditions is called physiologic jaundice, and it typically appears on the second or third day of life.
Other causes
An underlying disorder may cause jaundice. In these cases, jaundice often appears much earlier or much later than physiologic jaundice. Diseases or conditions that can cause jaundice include:
Internal bleeding (hemorrhage)
An infection in your baby’s blood (sepsis)
Other viral or bacterial infections
An incompatibility between the mother’s blood and the baby’s blood
A liver malfunction
An enzyme deficiency
An abnormality of your baby’s red blood cells that causes them to break
RISK FACTORS
Major risk factors for jaundice, particularly severe jaundice that can cause complications, include:
Premature birth. A baby born before 38 weeks may not be able to process bilirubin as quickly as full-term babies do. Also, he or she may feed less and have fewer bowel movements, resulting in less bilirubin eliminated through stool.
Significant bruising during birth. If your newborn gets bruises from the delivery, he or she may have a higher level of bilirubin from the breakdown of more red blood cells.
Blood type. If the mother’s blood type is different from her baby’s, the baby may have received antibodies through the placenta that cause his or her blood cells to break down more quickly.
Breast-feeding. Breast-fed babies, particularly those who have difficulty nursing or getting enough nutrition from breast-feeding, are at higher risk of jaundice. Dehydration or a low calorie intake may contribute to the onset of jaundice. However, because of the benefits of breast-feeding, experts still recommend it. It’s important to make sure your baby gets enough to eat and is adequately hydrated.
COMPLICATIONS
High levels of bilirubin that cause severe jaundice can result in serious complications if not treated.
Acute bilirubin encephalopathy
Bilirubin is toxic to cells of the brain. If a baby has severe jaundice, there’s a risk of bilirubin passing into the brain, a condition called acute bilirubin encephalopathy. Prompt treatment may prevent significant lasting damage.
The following may indicate acute bilirubin encephalopathy in a baby with jaundice:
Listlessness or difficulty waking
High-pitched crying
Poor sucking or feeding
Backward arching of the neck and body
Fever
Vomiting
Kernicterus
Kernicterus is the syndrome that occurs if acute bilirubin encephalopathy causes permanent damage to the brain. Kernicterus may result in:
Involuntary and uncontrolled movements (athetoid cerebral palsy)
Permanent upward gaze
Hearing loss
Improper development of tooth enamel
PREPARING FOR YOUR APPOINTMENT
Bilirubin levels in the blood tend to peak when your baby is between three and seven days old. So it’s important for your doctor to examine your baby for jaundice during that time.
When your baby is discharged from the hospital, your doctor or nurse will look for jaundice. If your baby has jaundice, your doctor will assess the likelihood of the jaundice being severe based on a number of factors:
How much bilirubin is in the blood
Whether your baby was born prematurely
How well he or she is feeding
How old your baby is
Whether your baby has bruising from delivery
Whether an older sibling also had severe jaundice
Follow-up visit
Based on these factors, your doctor may recommend an earlier follow-up visit.
When you arrive for your follow-up appointment, be prepared to answer the following questions.
How well is your baby feeding?
Is your baby breast-fed or formula-fed?
How often is he or she feeding?
How often does your baby have a wet diaper?
How often is there stool in the diaper?
Does he or she wake up easily for feeding?
Does your baby seem sick or weak?
Have you noticed any changes in the color of your baby’s skin or eyes?
If your baby has jaundice, has the yellow color spread to parts of the body other than the face?
Has the baby’s temperature been stable?
You may also prepare questions to ask your doctor at your follow-up appointment, including:
Is the jaundice severe?
What tests will my baby need?
Do we need to begin treatment for jaundice?
Will I need to readmit my baby to the hospital?
When should I schedule a follow-up visit?
Do you have any brochures about jaundice and proper feeding?
May I continue current feedings?
Don’t hesitate to ask other questions.
TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS
Your doctor will likely diagnose infant jaundice on the basis of your baby’s appearance. However, your doctor will need to measure the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood. The level of bilirubin (severity of jaundice) will determine the course of treatment.
Tests to determine jaundice include:
A physical exam
A laboratory test of a sample of your baby’s blood
A skin test with a device called a transcutaneous bilirubinometer, which measures the reflection of a special light shone through the skin
Your doctor may order additional blood tests or urine tests if there’s evidence that your baby’s jaundice is caused by an underlying disorder.
TREATMENTS AND DRUGS
Mild infant jaundice often disappears on its own within two or three weeks. For moderate or severe jaundice, your baby may need to stay longer in the newborn nursery or be readmitted to the hospital.
Treatments to lower the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood may include:
Light therapy (phototherapy). Your baby may be placed under special lighting that emits light in the blue-green spectrum. The light changes the shape and structure of bilirubin molecules in such a way that they can be excreted in the urine and stool. The light isn’t an ultraviolet light, and a protective plastic shield filters out any ultraviolet light that may be emitted.
During treatment, your baby will wear only a diaper and protective eye patches. The light therapy may be supplemented with the use of a light-emitting pad or mattress.
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). Jaundice may be related to blood type differences between mother and baby. This condition results in the baby carrying antibodies from the mother that contribute to the breakdown of blood cells in the baby. Intravenous transfusion of an immunoglobulin — a blood protein that can reduce levels of antibodies — may decrease jaundice and lessen the need for an exchange blood transfusion.
Exchange transfusion. Rarely, when severe jaundice doesn’t respond to other treatments, a baby may need an exchange transfusion of blood. This involves repeatedly withdrawing small amounts of blood, diluting the bilirubin and maternal antibodies, and then transferring blood back into the baby — a procedure that’s performed in a newborn intensive care unit.
LIFESTYLE AND HOME REMEDIES
The best prevention of infant jaundice is adequate feeding. Breast-fed infants should have eight to 12 feedings a day for the first several days of life. Formula-fed infants usually should have 1 to 2 ounces (about 30 to 60 milliliters) of formula every two to three hours for the first week.