The tarsal bones are a group of seven bones located in the foot, specifically in the hindfoot and midfoot regions. They form the foundation of the foot’s skeletal structure and are essential for weight-bearing, balance, and movement. The tarsal bones are arranged in two rows: the proximal row, which is closer to the leg, and the distal row, which is closer to the toes.
Here are the seven tarsal bones, listed from the proximal row to the distal row:
- Talus: The talus is the second largest tarsal bone and serves as the connector between the foot and the leg bones (tibia and fibula). It articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint, allowing up-and-down movement of the foot.
- Calcaneus: The calcaneus, also known as the heel bone, is the largest tarsal bone. It forms the prominence of the heel and provides stability and support to the foot. The Achilles tendon attaches to the posterior surface of the calcaneus.
- Navicular: The navicular bone is located in the midfoot, near the arch of the foot. It articulates with the talus and the cuneiform bones, contributing to foot flexibility and arch support.
- Medial Cuneiform: The medial cuneiform is one of three cuneiform bones and is located on the medial (inner) side of the foot. It articulates with the first metatarsal and the navicular bone.
- Intermediate Cuneiform: The intermediate cuneiform is the smallest and most centrally located cuneiform bone. It articulates with the second metatarsal and the other cuneiform bones.
- Lateral Cuneiform: The lateral cuneiform is situated on the lateral (outer) side of the foot. It articulates with the third metatarsal and the other cuneiform bones.
- Cuboid: The cuboid is the most lateral bone of the distal row. It articulates with the calcaneus and the fourth and fifth metatarsals.
The arrangement of the tarsal bones allows for a balance between stability and flexibility, which is essential for walking, running, and various weight-bearing activities. The tarsal bones, along with the metatarsals and phalanges (toe bones), collectively form the structure of the human foot, contributing to its remarkable capacity for locomotion and weight support.